\documentclass{beamer}

\usetheme[secheader]{Boadilla}
\usecolortheme{seahorse}

\setbeamertemplate{footline}{https://github.com/UpstandingHackers/hammer}

\title{Hammer: Smashing Binary Formats Into Bits}
\author{mlp and tq}
\date{July 27, 2012}
\institute[2012]{Upstanding Hackers}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}



\makeatletter
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    \let\PY@ul=\relax \let\PY@tc=\relax%
    \let\PY@bc=\relax \let\PY@ff=\relax}
\def\PY@tok#1{\csname PY@tok@#1\endcsname}
\def\PY@toks#1+{\ifx\relax#1\empty\else%
    \PY@tok{#1}\expandafter\PY@toks\fi}
\def\PY@do#1{\PY@bc{\PY@tc{\PY@ul{%
    \PY@it{\PY@bf{\PY@ff{#1}}}}}}}
\def\PY#1#2{\PY@reset\PY@toks#1+\relax+\PY@do{#2}}

\def\PY@tok@gd{\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.63,0.00,0.00}{##1}}}
\def\PY@tok@gu{\let\PY@bf=\textbf\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.50,0.00,0.50}{##1}}}
\def\PY@tok@gt{\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.25,0.82}{##1}}}
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\def\PY@tok@c{\let\PY@it=\textit\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.50,0.50}{##1}}}
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\def\PY@tok@sb{\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.73,0.13,0.13}{##1}}}
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\def\PY@tok@sd{\let\PY@it=\textit\def\PY@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{0.73,0.13,0.13}{##1}}}

\def\PYZbs{\char`\\}
\def\PYZus{\char`\_}
\def\PYZob{\char`\{}
\def\PYZcb{\char`\}}
\def\PYZca{\char`\^}
\def\PYZsh{\char`\#}
\def\PYZpc{\char`\%}
\def\PYZdl{\char`\$}
\def\PYZti{\char`\~}
% for compatibility with earlier versions
\def\PYZat{@}
\def\PYZlb{[}
\def\PYZrb{]}
\makeatother

\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

\section[Outline]{}
\frame{\tableofcontents}

\section{Introduction}

\frame{
	\frametitle{The recursive-descent family}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> Recursive descent parsers
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Parsing like mom used to do it (if your mom is Jack Crenshaw)
				\item Conceptually really simple
				\item Can't do left recursion
				\item Can have exponential runtime
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> Parsing expression grammars
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Look a lot like CFGs
				\item Always deterministic (unambiguous)
				\item Provide lookahead
				\item Still can't do left recursion
			\end{itemize}
		\item<3-> Packrat parsers
			\begin{itemize}
				\item They're PEGs, but memoized
				\item Can handle left-recursion!
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
}

\section{Binary Parsing}

\frame{
	\frametitle{Why binary parsing?}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> None of the existing tools do it well
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Limited to character streams
				\item Endianness is a pain in the dick
				\item So are bit-fields
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> Except bison, which nobody likes
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Interface sucks for everything except parsers/interpreters
				\item Shift-reduce conflicts are confusing
				\item Bit-fields still hard unless everything's nicely byte-aligned
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
}

\frame{
	\frametitle{Requirements}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Thread-safe and reentrant
		\item Simple API
		\item Fast
		\item Correct
	\end{itemize}
}

\section{Parser combinators}

\frame{
	\frametitle{Naming conventions}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> Types
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Start with \textbf{H} and are CamelCased
				\item \texttt{HParser}, \texttt{HParsedToken}, etc
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> Functions
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Start with \textbf{h\_} and use underscores
				\item \texttt{h\_parse()}, \texttt{h\_length\_value()}, etc
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Basic usage}
	\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PY{c+cp}{\PYZsh{}}\PY{c+cp}{include "hammer.h"}

\PY{k}{const} \PY{n}{HParsedToken}\PY{o}{*} \PY{n+nf}{build\PYZus{}my\PYZus{}struct}\PY{p}{(}\PY{k}{const} \PY{n}{HParseResult} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{p}\PY{p}{)} \PY{p}{\PYZob{}}
  \PY{c+c1}{// ...}
\PY{p}{\PYZcb{}}
\PY{k+kt}{int} \PY{n+nf}{main}\PY{p}{(}\PY{k+kt}{int} \PY{n}{argc}\PY{p}{,} \PY{k+kt}{char}\PY{o}{*}\PY{o}{*} \PY{n}{argv}\PY{p}{)} \PY{p}{\PYZob{}}
  \PY{c+c1}{// obtain data, and its length, from somewhere}
  \PY{c+c1}{// Create a parser}
  \PY{n}{HParser} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{parser} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{action}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{.}\PY{p}{.}\PY{p}{.}\PY{p}{,}
                           \PY{n}{build\PYZus{}my\PYZus{}struct}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{c+c1}{// Parse the data}
  \PY{n}{HParseResult} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{result} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}parse}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{parser}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{data}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{length}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{c+c1}{// Get your struct back from the result token and use it}
  \PY{n}{do\PYZus{}something}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{result}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{ast}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{user}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k}{return} \PY{l+m+mi}{0}\PY{p}{;}
\PY{p}{\PYZcb{}}
\end{Verbatim}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Result types}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> HParseResult
			\begin{itemize}
				\item A tree of parsed tokens
				\item The total number of bits parsed
				\item A reference to the memory context for this parse
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> HParsedToken
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Token type: bytes, signed/unsigned int, sequence, user-defined
				\item Token (a tagged union)
				\item Byte index and bit offset
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Primitives}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> Character and token parsers
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_ch(const uint8\_t c)}, \\ \texttt{h\_token(const uint8\_t *str, size\_t len)}
				\item \texttt{h\_ch\_range(const uint8\_t lower, const uint8\_t upper)}
				\item \texttt{h\_not\_in(const uint8\_t charset, size\_t length)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> Integral parsers
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_uint8()}, \texttt{h\_int64()}
				\item \texttt{h\_bits(size\_t len, bool sign)}
				\item \texttt{h\_int\_range(const HParser *p, const int64\_t lower, const int64\_t upper)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<3-> End-of-input
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_end\_p()}
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Combining primitives}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> Sequential and alternative
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_sequence(const HParser *p, ...)}
				\item \texttt{h\_choice(const HParser *p, ...)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<2-> Repetition
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_many(const HParser *p)}
				\item \texttt{h\_many1(const HParser *p)}
				\item \texttt{h\_repeat\_n(const HParser *p, size\_t len)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<3-> Optional
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_optional(const HParser *p)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<4-> Not Actually Appearing In This Parse Tree
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_ignore(const HParser *p)}
			\end{itemize}
		\item<5-> Higher-order
			\begin{itemize}
				\item \texttt{h\_length\_value(const HParser *length, const HParser *value)}
				\item \texttt{h\_and(const HParser *p)}, \texttt{h\_not(const HParser *p)}
				\item \texttt{h\_indirect(const HParser *p)}
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Doing things to combinations of primitives}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<1-> \texttt{h\_attr\_bool(const HParser *p, const HPredicate pred)}
		\item<2-> \texttt{h\_action(const HParser *p, const HAction a)}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{A practical example}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Top-level DNS}
	\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
	\PY{k}{const} \PY{n}{HParser} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}message} \PY{o}{=} 
	\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}action}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}attr\PYZus{}bool}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}sequence}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}header}\PY{p}{,}
                                \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}many}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}question}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                                \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}many}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}rr}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                                \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}end\PYZus{}p}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                                \PY{n+nb}{NULL}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                     \PY{n}{validate\PYZus{}dns}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
         \PY{n}{pack\PYZus{}dns\PYZus{}struct}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}

	\end{Verbatim}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{DNS Questions}
	\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PY{k}{const} \PY{n}{HParser} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}question} \PY{o}{=} 
\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}sequence}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}sequence}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}many1}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}length\PYZus{}value}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}int\PYZus{}range}\PY{p}{(}
                                                   \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}uint8}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                                                   \PY{l+m+mi}{1}\PY{p}{,} 
                                                   \PY{l+m+mi}{255}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}                               
                                             \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}uint8}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,} 
                      \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}ch}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+sc}{'\PYZbs{}x00'}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
                      \PY{n+nb}{NULL}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}  \PY{c+c1}{// QNAME}
           \PY{n}{qtype}\PY{p}{,}             \PY{c+c1}{// QTYPE}
           \PY{n}{qclass}\PY{p}{,}            \PY{c+c1}{// QCLASS}
           \PY{n+nb}{NULL}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}

	\end{Verbatim}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{DNS RRs}
	\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
  \PY{k}{const} \PY{n}{HParser} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{dns\PYZus{}rr} \PY{o}{=} 
  \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}sequence}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{domain}\PY{p}{,}                          \PY{c+c1}{// NAME}
             \PY{n}{type}\PY{p}{,}                            \PY{c+c1}{// TYPE}
             \PY{n}{class}\PY{p}{,}                           \PY{c+c1}{// CLASS}
             \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}uint32}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}                      \PY{c+c1}{// TTL}
              \PY{c+c1}{// RDLENGTH+RDATA}
             \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}length\PYZus{}value}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{h\PYZus{}uint16}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{h\PYZus{}uint8}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}
             \PY{n+nb}{NULL}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{;}

	\end{Verbatim}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Validating a DNS packet}
	\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
	\PY{n}{bool} \PY{n+nf}{validate\PYZus{}dns}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{HParseResult} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{p}\PY{p}{)} \PY{p}{\PYZob{}}
  \PY{k}{if} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{TT\PYZus{}SEQUENCE} \PY{o}{!}\PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{p}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{ast}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{token\PYZus{}type}\PY{p}{)}
    \PY{k}{return} \PY{n+nb}{false}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{n}{HParsedToken} \PY{o}{*}\PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{elems} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{p}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{ast}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{elements}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{0}\PY{p}{]}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}
                         \PY{n}{elements}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k+kt}{size\PYZus{}t} \PY{n}{qd} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{elems}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{8}\PY{p}{]}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{uint}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k+kt}{size\PYZus{}t} \PY{n}{an} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{elems}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{9}\PY{p}{]}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{uint}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k+kt}{size\PYZus{}t} \PY{n}{ns} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{elems}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{10}\PY{p}{]}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{uint}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k+kt}{size\PYZus{}t} \PY{n}{ar} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{elems}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{11}\PY{p}{]}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{uint}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{n}{HParsedToken} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{questions} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{p}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{ast}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{elements}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{1}\PY{p}{]}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k}{if} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{questions}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{used} \PY{o}{!}\PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{qd}\PY{p}{)}
    \PY{k}{return} \PY{n+nb}{false}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{n}{HParsedToken} \PY{o}{*}\PY{n}{rrs} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{p}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{ast}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{elements}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{2}\PY{p}{]}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k}{if} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{an}\PY{o}{+}\PY{n}{ns}\PY{o}{+}\PY{n}{ar} \PY{o}{!}\PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{rrs}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{seq}\PY{o}{-}\PY{o}{>}\PY{n}{used}\PY{p}{)}
    \PY{k}{return} \PY{n+nb}{false}\PY{p}{;}
  \PY{k}{return} \PY{n+nb}{true}\PY{p}{;}
\PY{p}{\PYZcb{}}

	\end{Verbatim}
\end{frame}

\section{Future work}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{What's next?}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item More parsing backends
		\begin{itemize}
			\item LL(k)
			\item GLR
			\item LALR(8)
			\item Derivatives
		\end{itemize}
		\item Benchmarking :)
		\item Bindings for python, ruby, (your preferred language here)
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{More to come!}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Watch langsec-discuss@lists.langsec.org for further announcements
		\item https://github.com/UpstandingHackers/hammer
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\end{document}